TERMS

terms needed for the quiz : all of these are courtesy of Barbara.

**AP Term List **

**Rhetoric -the art of speaking and writing effectively (building solid arguments, arranging material effectively, using appropriate style for purpose, content, audience, etc.) **

**Content- the what **

**Style- the how **

**Author- the writer **

**Audience- the reader **

**Narrative perspective- the viewpoint from which the narrator or character sees things. The narrative perspective can be written in first person (personal), third person (more freedom or restrictive depending), second person (creates relationship between writer and reader) **

**Persona- the voice “through which the author speaks” It could be a character in the work or a fabricated onlooker **

**Point of view-a way the events of a story are conveyed to the reader, it is the “vantage point” from which the narrative is passed on from the writer to the reader. **

**Diction - word choice ** **Abstract-conceptual, philosophical ****“It was the undisguised emotion in his eyes that made Cassie put her fear aside.” ** **Concrete-tangible, specific ** **Connotation-suggested, emotional meaning ** **“The doctor was a thin quiet little man who seemed disturbed by the war” ** **Denotation-exact meaning ****<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">“I really love you. I’m crazy about you.” ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Euphemism-A mild word or expression that replaces one that is too harsh or blunt ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Peculiar institution is a euphemism for slavery ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Slang-vernacular speech, sometimes humorous ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">“cool, awesome, fun” ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Standard informal-accepted in day to day conversation ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">“What’s up?” ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Colloquial- regional/provincial language ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">“Bloody hell!” ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Dialect/vernacular-basically the same thing as shown above **

**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Complex/simple-long, bulky, description filled vs. short, easy to follow, to the point ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">fragments - ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Parallelism-technique of showing that words/clauses/phrases/ larger structures are comparable in context and important by placing them side by side and making them similar in form “I came. I saw. I conquered.” ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">stream of consciousness - ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Syntax-the ordering of words into meaningful patterns such as phrases, clauses, and sentences ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Transition-the passing of from one subject or division of a composition to another. **

**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Tone - The pervasive mood of a piece ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Bathos-insincere pathos; sentimentality, mawkishness ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Bombastic -high sounding language, with little meaning used to impress others ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Candid/Candor - ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">utopic/dystopic- perfect world vs. well, the opposite. ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Tone: emotion conveyed by author toward his subject matter, himself, his audience ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Formal- suggests the writer is serious about his/her topic ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Implication/inference- conclusion that is drawn from given information vs a conclusion reached by evidence ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Informal- more casual, personal, and relaxed. Simple vocabulary and grammatical structure is used. ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Ironic- characterized by irony, happening in a way that is opposite to what is expected and causing wry humor because of it **

**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Irony- in the broadest sense, difference between what is vs. what appears to be/what should be **

**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Pretentious- trying to impress others by claiming greater importance, talent, culture than what is actually possessed **

**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Satirical-sarcastic, critical, and mocking another’s weakness **

**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Skepticism/Cynicism -skepticism: a doubting or questioning state of mind ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> -cynicism: an attitude of scorn; a general disinterest in the motives of others (more extreme than skepticism) **

**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Subjective/objective-influenced by personal opinions/biases vs uninfluenced by emotions, strictly factual **

**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Argument- a piece that uses the three following means to persuade the reader to reach a point or conclusion ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Pathos-use of emotion to inspire/influence ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Logos- use of logic (reasoning, statistics, etc) ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Ethos- use of credibility of the writer/speaker ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Description-Any careful detailing of a person, place, thing, or event. Description is one of the four major forms of discourse. Descriptions re-create sensory impressions: sights, sounds, smells, textures, tastes ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Narration-The kind of writing or speaking that tells a story ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Exposition-information giving-writing of which the main purpose is conveying of information (one of the four modes of discourse-exposition, description, narration, argument) ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Anecdote -a short narrative account of an amusing, unusual, revealing, or interesting event. A good anecdote has a single, definite point, and the setting, dialogue, and characters are typically subordinate to the point of the story. Writers may use anecdotes to clarify abstract points or to create a memorable image in the reader's mind. ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Essay - ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Eulogy-a speech or piece of writing that speaks very highly of someone who has just passed away ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Folklore -myths local to a culture ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">memoir- ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">novel- ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">oratory- **

**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Parody- a composition that ridicules another by imitating and exaggerating aspects of its content structure, and style accomplishing in words what caricature achieves in drawing. ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Satire -term used to describe literature that blends iconic humor and wit with criticism for the purpose of ridiculing folly, vice, greed, etc the whole range of human flaws and foibles-in individuals and institutions. **

**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Allusion-a reference to someone or something, usually literary ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Analogy-a comparison of something to someone else ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Analysis-the breaking down of something complex into its smaller parts to see how I works ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Anachronism- a thing belonging or appropriate to a period other than that in which it exists, especially a thing that is conspicuously old-fashioned ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Antagonist- ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Apostrophe- device of calling out to imaginary, dead, or absent person or to a place thing, or personified abstractism ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Aphorism- short saying stating a general truth ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Atmosphere- tone, feeling, or overall emotion in a work ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Cliché- anything that is used frequently and is unoriginal ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Conflict- struggle between two forces (internal or external) ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Context-historical and topical information surrounding a specific time period within a work ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Contrast-the juxtaposition of strikingly different words, images, objects etc. to heighten/amplify effect, increase tensions, etc ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Dialogue- conversation between two or more people. This allows the audience to gain an objective insight on the situation and characters. ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Dialect- version of a language spoken by people of a particular region or social group ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Diction- the author’s choice of word and sentence structure, taking into account correctness, clearness, and effectiveness (formal, informal, colloquial, slang) ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Epigram - terse, witty saying ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Epigraph- a brief quotation taken from another piece of literature to offer insight on the artist’s vision. ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Figurative language- figures of speech meant to be interpreted imaginatively as opposed to literally ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Foil- ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Foreshadowing- suggests or prepares for events to come, heightens tension, makes certain things appear inevitable ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Framed narrative- surrounds another narrative and provides context for that second narrative ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hyperbole- deliberate exaggeration for emphasis and/or comic effect. “Let’s go to lunch. I’m starving!” ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Dramatic Irony -when the reader knows something that a character does not **

**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Motif- reoccurring image, phrase, object, action that refers to a theme. Could be throughout a single work or an author’s whole body of work ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Parallel structure- technique of showing that words/ clauses/ phrases/ larger structures are comparable in context and importance by placing them side by side and making them similar in form. ex: "I came. I saw. I conquered." ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Subtext- the underlying meaning or theme in a work/ a message not stated but can be inferred ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Symbol- Any object, person, place, or action that has a meaning in itself and that also stands for something larger than it does, such as a quality, an attitude, a belief, or a value. For instance, a rose is often a symbol love and beauty while a skull is often a symbol of death. ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Theme- the central meaning or dominant idea in a literary work: theme provides a unifying point around which the plot, characters, setting, point of view, symbols, and other elements of a work are organized ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Understatement- deliberate downplaying of a situation for emphasis and/or comic effect “tis but a scratch.” **

**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Figures of speech- the various rhetorical uses of language (metaphor, simile, hyperbole) that depart from customary construction, order, or significance. ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Imagery-an author’s use of descriptive and figurative language used to create a picture in the reader’s mind ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Metaphor/extended metaphor-a comparison that does not use “like” or “as”à a sustained metaphor that runs through a passage and determines the nature and form of that passage ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Metonymy- figure of speech that substitutes the name of a related object, person or idea for the subject at hand (The White House released a statement) ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Personification-the assignment of human attributes to something nonhuman ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Simile-a comparison of two things using “like” or “as” ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Synecdoche- figures of speech in which the part stands for the whole ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Synesthesia- the production of a sense of impression relating to one sense or part of the body by stimulation of another sense or part of the body “loud perfume” ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Alliteration- the use of a repeated consonant sound, usually at the beginning of a series of words ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Assonance- the use of a repeated vowel sound, usually close together, in a group of words ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Onomatopoeia- words that sound like what they are “buzz…clack!: ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Ambiguity- uncertainty or inexactness of meaning in language ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Bucolic-related to the pleasant aspects of country life ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Iconoclast/clasm- person who attacks cherished beliefs, traditional institutions/ breaker or destroyer of image (particularly those set up for religious veneration) ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Misogyny- hatred of women by men ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Senescence- process of becoming old ** **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Solipsism/solipsist- theory that only the self exists, extreme preoccupation within and indulgence of one’s feelings, desires etc ** Amplify- to cause to become more marked or intense Apocryphal- of doubtful authenticity, although widely believed as true Climax- the most intense, exciting, or important point of something; a culmination or apex Discursive-wide ranging; digressing from subject to subject Disparate-separate, unrelated Former/Later- Ignominy-public shame or disgrace Infer- to deduce or conclude from evidence and reasoning. Interpolation- Juxtaposition-the arrangement of two or more words/ideas placed side by side for the purpose of comparison, contrast, suspense, rhetorical effect etc. Mitigate- Oxymoron-figure of speech in which two contradictory words are combined into a single expression giving the effect of a condensed parody "Civil War" Paradox- Periodic Sentence- a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end Perspective- Perspicuity- shrewdness, keen insight Pretext-an excuse for something Sentimental- Setting- Simple syntax- Suspense- Underscore- Venerable- Visage- AP terms form Caroline